If you need an English certificate to apply, you are probably choosing between IELTS, TOEFL and the Duolingo English Test. All three are recognised, but their format, cost, result times and acceptance differ. TOEFL also changed its scoring scale in January 2026. This article helps you choose the right test.
The golden rule before choosing
Quick comparison table
| Feature | IELTS Academic | TOEFL iBT | Duolingo English Test |
|---|---|---|---|
| Score scale | 0–9 (bands) | From 21 January 2026: 1–6 (half-point steps), plus a 0–120 equivalent during a two-year transition | 10–160 (steps of 5) |
| Where | Test centre | Test centre or Home Edition | Online at home |
| Length | A few hours | Shorter than previous versions | About one hour |
| Results | Depends on format (computer is faster) | Official scores about 3 days later in your ETS account | Usually within 2 days |
| Validity | Usually 2 years (institution policy) | 2 years from the test date | 2 years |
| Acceptance | Very wide | Very wide | Growing, but not everywhere |
IELTS: the most common choice in Europe
IELTS Academic is very common in Europe and accepted by almost all universities with English-taught programmes. Scores are given as bands from 0 to 9, with separate scores for listening, reading, writing and speaking. Many programmes set both an overall minimum and a minimum per skill.
- Advantage: wide acceptance and familiarity.
- Limitation: you must go to a test centre, and it usually costs more than Duolingo.
- Suitable for: applicants who want one certificate for the largest number of universities.
TOEFL: the big 2026 change
According to the official ETS website, from 21 January 2026 TOEFL iBT score reports use a new 1–6 scale in half-point increments, aligned with the CEFR. For a two-year transition period after January 2026, reports also include a comparable score on the former 0–120 scale. ETS stresses that it sets no passing or failing score; each institution sets its own requirement. Scores are valid for two years, and official scores appear in your ETS account about three days after the test.
- Advantage: wide acceptance and a Home Edition for some institutions.
- Note: if a university still lists its requirement on the 0–120 scale, look at the equivalent on your report or the official ETS conversion table.
Duolingo English Test: fast and online
According to Duolingo's official guide, the test takes about one hour, can be taken anytime and anywhere, and results are usually ready within two days. The overall score is 10–160 in steps of 5, with four subscores on the same scale.
- Advantage: taken at home, fast and usually cheaper.
- Limitation: not all universities or embassies accept it; always check before registering.
- Suitable for: applicants whose target universities accept Duolingo and who need results quickly.
Which should I choose?
Choose IELTS or TOEFL if…
- You are applying to several countries and universities
- Your university or embassy does not accept Duolingo
- You want a certificate accepted almost everywhere
Choose Duolingo if…
- Your target universities explicitly accept it
- Reaching a test centre is difficult for you
- You need results quickly
You can also start without a certificate
If you are not ready for a test yet, some routes include a language course, such as the Romanian preparatory year or a Hungarian foundation course. Studying in Europe after high school explains these routes.
Preparation tips
- Find your target score on the university website, including the minimum per skill.
- Take an official practice test to see how far you are from your goal.
- Spend more time on your weakest skill; usually writing or speaking.
- Book your test so that you have time to retake it before the deadline if needed.
Frequently asked questions
What is the new TOEFL scale?
According to ETS, from 21 January 2026 TOEFL iBT scores are reported on a 1–6 scale in half-point steps, with a 0–120 equivalent included during the first two years.
Is Duolingo accepted by all European universities?
No. Many universities accept it, but not all. Always check the language requirements of your chosen university.
How long is a language certificate valid?
TOEFL and Duolingo are valid for two years. For IELTS, universities usually accept scores from the last two years.
IELTS or TOEFL for Europe?
Both are widely accepted in Europe. The choice depends mostly on access to test centres, cost and which format you are comfortable with.
Official sources
Last updated: October 2026. Rules and costs may change; check the official source again before making a final decision.